<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.ocean-sci.net/inc/os/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Ocean Science</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.ocean-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1812-0784</issn>
		<eissn>1812-0792</eissn>
		<volume_number>4</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/os-4-151-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.ocean-sci.net/4/151/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.ocean-sci.net/4/151/2008/os-4-151-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.ocean-sci.net/4/151/2008/os-4-151-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>151</start_page>
	<end_page>181</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-05-26</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">The low-resolution CCSM2 revisited: new adjustments and a present-day control run</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Prange</name>
			<email>mprange@palmod.uni-bremen.de</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">MARUM &amp;ndash; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28334 Bremen, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The low-resolution (T31) version of the Community Climate System Model CCSM2.0.1 is revisited and
adjusted by deepening the Greenland-Scotland ridge, changing oceanic mixing parameters,
and applying a regional freshwater flux adjustment at high northern latitudes.
The main purpose of these adjustments is to maintain a robust
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation which collapses in the original model release.
The paper describes the present-day control run of the adjusted model (referred to as &quot;CCSM2/T31x3a&quot;) which
is brought into climatic equilibrium by applying a deep-ocean acceleration technique. The accelerated integration
is extended by a 100-year synchronous phase.
The simulated meridional overturning circulation has a maximum of 14&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; in
the North Atlantic. The CCSM2/T31x3a control run is evaluated against observations and simulations with other
climate models. Most shortcomings found in the CCSM2/T31x3a control run are identified as &quot;typical problems&quot; in
global climate modelling. Finally, examples (simulation of North Atlantic hydrography, West African monsoon)
are shown in which CCSM2/T31x3a has a better
simulation skill than the latest low-resolution Community Climate System Model release, CCSM3/T31.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> AchutaRao, K. and Sperber, K. R.: Simulation of the El Niño Southern Oscillation: Results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Clim. Dynam., 19, 191&amp;ndash;209, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> AchutaRao, K. and Sperber, K. R.: ENSO simulation in coupled ocean-atmosphere models: are the current models better?, Clim. Dynam., 27, 1&amp;ndash;15, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Alley, R. B. and Agustsdottir, A. M.: The 8k event: Cause and consequences of major Holocene abrupt climate change, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 1123&amp;ndash;1149, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Bitz, C. M., Fyfe, J. C., and Flato, G. M.: Sea ice response to wind forcing from AMIP models, J. Climate, 15, 522&amp;ndash;536, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Bitz, C. M., Holland, M., Weaver, A. J., and Eby, M.: Simulating the ice-thickness distribution in a coupled climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2441&amp;ndash;2464, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bitz, C. M. and Lipscomb, W. H.: An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15 669&amp;ndash;15 677, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bourke, R. H. and Garrett, R. P.: Sea ice thickness distribution in the Arctic Ocean, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 13, 259&amp;ndash;280, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Branstetter, M. L. and Erickson, D. J.: Continental runoff dynamics in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2) control simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4550, doi:10.1029/2003JD003212, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Hunke, E. C., Lipscomb, W. H., and Schramm, J. L.: Description of the Community Climate System Model version 2: Sea ice model, Technical Report, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm2.0.1/csim, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Broecker, W., Bond, G., Klas, M., Clark, E., and McManus, J.: Origin of the North Atlantic&apos;s Heinrich events, Clim. Dynam., 6, 265&amp;ndash;273, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Bryan, F.: Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 970&amp;ndash;986, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Bryan, K.: Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium in ocean-climate models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 666&amp;ndash;673, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Bryan, K.: Efficient methods for finding the equilibrium climate of coupled ocean-atmosphere models, in: Physically-based modelling and simulation of climate and climate change &amp;ndash; Part I, edited by: Schlesinger, M. E., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 567&amp;ndash;582, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Bryan, K. and Lewis, L. J.: A water mass model of the world ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2503&amp;ndash;2517, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Canuto, C., Hussaini, M. Y., Quarteroni, A., and Zang, T. A.: Spectral methods in fluid dynamics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 567 pp., 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Chapman, W. J. and Walsh, J. E.: Simulations of Arctic temperature and pressure by global coupled models, J. Climate, 20, 609&amp;ndash;632, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Claussen, M., Mysak, L. A., Weaver, A. J., et al.: Earth system models of intermediate complexity: Closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models, Clim. Dynam., 18, 579&amp;ndash;586, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Collins, W. D., Hack, J. J., Boville, B. A., et al.: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2), Technical Report, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/atm-cam/docs/cam2.0/description/index.html, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Covey, C., AchutaRao, K. M., Cubasch, U., et al.: An overview of results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Global Planet. Change, 37, 103&amp;ndash;133, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Dai, A.: Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models, J. Climate, 19, 4605&amp;ndash;4630, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Danabasoglu, G.: A comparison of global ocean general circulation model solutions obtained with synchronous and accelerated integration methods, Ocean Model., 7, 323&amp;ndash;341, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Danabasoglu, G. and McWilliams, J. C.: Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports, J. Climate, 8, 2967&amp;ndash;2987, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Danabasoglu, G., McWilliams, J. C., and Gent, P. R.: The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation, Science, 264, 1123&amp;ndash;1126, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Danabasoglu, G., McWilliams, J. C., and Large, W. G.: Approach to equilibrium in accelerated global oceanic models, J. Climate, 9, 1092&amp;ndash;1110, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Davey, M. K., Huddleston, M., Sperber, K. R., et al.: STOIC: a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions, Clim. Dynam., 18, 403&amp;ndash;420, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Deser, C., Capotondi, A., Saravanan, R., and Phillips, A. S.: Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2451&amp;ndash;2481, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> DeWeaver, E. and Bitz, C. M.: Atmospheric circulation and its effect on Arctic sea ice in CCSM3 simulations at medium and high resolution, J. Climate, 19, 2415&amp;ndash;2436, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Driscoll, N. W. and Haug, G. H.: A short circuit in the ocean&apos;s thermohaline circulation: A cause for northern hemisphere glaciation?, Science, 282, 436&amp;ndash;438, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Dukowicz, J. K. and Smith, R. D.: Implicit free-surface formulation of the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7991&amp;ndash;8014, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Folland, C. K., Palmer, T. N., and Parker, D. E.: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, Nature, 320, 602&amp;ndash;607, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Ganachaud, A. and Wunsch, C.: Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data, Nature, 408, 453&amp;ndash;457, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150&amp;ndash;155, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Gerdes, R. and Koeberle, C.: On the influence of DSOW in a numerical model of the North-Atlantic general circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2624&amp;ndash;2642, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Giannini, A., Saravanan, R., and Chang, P.: Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales, Science, 302, 1027&amp;ndash;1030, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Gnanadesikan, A.: A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline, Science, 283, 2077&amp;ndash;2079, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Gnanadesikan, A., Dixon, K. W., Griffies, S. M., et al.: GFDL&apos;s CM2 global coupled climate models. Part II: The baseline ocean simulation, J. Climate, 19, 675&amp;ndash;697, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Gordon, A. L.: Inter-ocean exchange of thermocline water, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037&amp;ndash;5046, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Gordon, A. L.: Interocean exchange, in: Ocean circulation and climate, edited by: Siedler, G., Church, J., and Gould, J., Academic Press, San Diego, 303&amp;ndash;314, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Griffies, S. M.: The Gent-McWilliams skew-flux, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 831&amp;ndash;841, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Harms, S., Fahrbach, E., and Strass, V. H.: Sea ice transports in the Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9057&amp;ndash;9074, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Harvey, L. D. D.: Characterizing and comparing the control-run variability of eight coupled AOGCMs and of observations. Part 2: precipitation, Clim. Dynam., 21, 647&amp;ndash;658, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Hasumi, H.: Sensitivity of the global thermohaline circulation to interbasin freshwater transport by the atmosphere and the Bering Strait throughflow, J. Climate, 15, 2516&amp;ndash;2526, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Haug, G. H. and Tiedemann, R.: Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation, Nature, 393, 673&amp;ndash;676, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Holland, M. M., Bitz, C. M., Hunke, E. C., Lipscomb, W. H., and Schramm, J. L.: Influence of the sea ice thickness distribution on polar climate in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2398&amp;ndash;2414, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Huber, M. and Nof, D.: The ocean circulation in the Southern Hemisphere and its climatic impacts in the Eocene, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimat., Palaeoecol., 231, 9&amp;ndash;28, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Huber, M. and Sloan, L. C.: Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: Coupled simulation of an Eocene greenhouse climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3481&amp;ndash;3484, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Hunke, E. C. and Dukowicz, J. K.: An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849&amp;ndash;1867, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Jongma, J. I., Prange, M., Renssen, H., and Schulz, M.: Amplification of Holocene multicentennial climate forcing by mode transitions in North Atlantic overturning circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15706, doi:10.1029/2007GL030642, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Kantha, L. H. and Clayson, C. A.: Numerical models of oceans and oceanic processes, Academic Press, 940 pp., 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Kiehl, J. T. and Gent, P. R.: The Community Climate System Model, version 2, J. Climate, 17, 3666&amp;ndash;3682, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Koesters, F., Kaese, R., Fleming, K., and Wolf, D.: Denmark Strait overflow for Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene conditions, Paleoceanogr., 19, PA2019, doi:10.1029/2003PA000972, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Lamb, P. J.: Case studies of tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns during recent sub-saharan weather anomalies: 1967 and 1968, Mon. Weather Rev., 106, 482&amp;ndash;491, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Lambert, S. J. and Boer, G. J.: CMIP1 evaluation and intercomparison of coupled climate models, Clim. Dynam., 17, 83&amp;ndash;106, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Large, W. G. and Danabasoglu, G.: Attribution and impacts of upper-ocean biases in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2325&amp;ndash;2346, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., and Doney, S. C.: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363&amp;ndash;403, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Latif, M., Sperber, K., Arblaster, J., et al.: ENSIP: the El Niño simulation intercomparison project, Clim. Dynam., 18, 255&amp;ndash;276, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Laxon, S., Peacock, N., and Smith, D.: High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region, Nature, 425, 947&amp;ndash;950, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J.: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111&amp;ndash;127, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Li, J. L., Zhang, X. H., Yu, Y. Q., and Dai, F. S.: Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 857&amp;ndash;867, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Marotzke, J.: Boundary mixing and the dynamics of three-dimensional thermohaline circulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1713&amp;ndash;1728, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> McDermott, D. A.: The regulation of northern overturning by Southern Hemisphere winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1234&amp;ndash;1255, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Mechoso, C. R., Robertson, A. W., Barth, N., et al.: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 2825&amp;ndash;2838, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., Lawrence, D. M., Seth, A., Schneider, E. K., Kirtman, B. P., and Min, D.: Monsoon regimes in the CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2482&amp;ndash;2495, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Meehl, G. A., Gent, P. R., Arblaster, J. M., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., and Craig, A.: Factors that affect the amplitude of El Niño in global coupled climate models, Clim. Dynam., 17, 515&amp;ndash;526, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., et al.: Global climate projections, in: Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis (Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), edited by: Solomon, S., et al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747&amp;ndash;845, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Mikolajewicz, U., Groeger, M., Maier-Reimer, E., Schurgers, G., Vizcaino, M., and Winguth, A. M. E.: Long-term effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions simulated with a complex earth system model, Clim. Dynam., 28, 599&amp;ndash;633, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Min, S.-K., Legutke, S., Hense, A., and Kwon, W.-T.: Climatology and internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G, M&amp;D Technical Report, No. 2, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 67 pp., 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Oppo, D. W., McManus, J. F., and Cullen, J. L.: Deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch, Nature, 422, 277&amp;ndash;278, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Peltier, W. R. and Solheim, L. P.: The climate of the Earth at Last Glacial Maximum: statistical equilibrium state and a mode of internal variability, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 335&amp;ndash;357, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Peterson, R. G. and Stramma, L.: Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 1&amp;ndash;73, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Piotrowski, A. M., Goldstein, S. L., Hemming, S. R., and Fairbanks, R. G.: Temporal relationship of carbon cycling and ocean circulation at glacial boundaries, Science, 307, 1933&amp;ndash;1938, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Prange, M.: Influence of Arctic freshwater sources on the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean and the North Atlantic in a prognostic ocean/sea-ice model, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, No. 468, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany, 220 pp., 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Prange, M. and Gerdes, R.: The role of surface freshwater flux boundary conditions in Arctic Ocean modelling, Ocean Model., 13, 25&amp;ndash;43, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Prange, M., Lohmann, G., and Paul, A.: Influence of vertical mixing on the thermohaline hysteresis: Analyses of an OGCM, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1707&amp;ndash;1721, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Prange, M., Lohmann, G., Romanova, V., and Butzin, M.: Modelling tempo-spatial signatures of Heinrich Events: Influence of the climatic background state, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 521&amp;ndash;527, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Rahmstorf, S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years, Nature, 419, 207&amp;ndash;214, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Rothrock, D. A., Zhang, J., and Yu, Y.: The arctic ice thickness anomaly of the 1990s: A consistent view from observations and models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3083, doi:10.1029/2001JC001208, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Schmittner, A. and Weaver, A. J.: Dependence of multiple climate states on ocean mixing parameters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1027&amp;ndash;1030, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Schulz, M., Prange, M., and Klocker, A.: Low-frequency oscillations of the Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in a coupled climate model, Clim. Past, 3, 97&amp;ndash;107, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Seo, H., Jochum, M., Murtugudde, R., and Miller, A. J.: Effect of ocean mesoscale variability on the mean state of tropical Atlantic climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606, doi:10.1029/2005GL025651, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Severinghaus, J. P. and Brook, E. J.: Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar ice, Science, 286, 930&amp;ndash;934, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Smith, R. and Gent, P.: Reference manual for the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), Technical Report, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm2.0.1/pop, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Smith, R. D. and McWilliams, J. C.: Anisotropic horizontal viscosity for ocean models, Ocean Model., 5, 129&amp;ndash;156, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Spencer, R. W.: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979&amp;ndash;91 and comparisons to other climatologies, J. Climate, 6, 1301&amp;ndash;1326, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> Stammer, D., Wunsch, C., Giering, R., et al.: Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993&amp;ndash;2000 estimated from a general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3007, doi:10.1029/2001JC001115, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Steele, M., Morley, R., and Ermold, W.: PHC: a global ocean hydrography with a high quality Arctic Ocean, J. Climate, 14, 2079&amp;ndash;2087, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="87" content_type="text"> Stouffer, R. J., Dixon, K. W., Spelman, M. J., et al.: Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes, J. Climate, 19, 1365&amp;ndash;1387, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="88" content_type="text"> Strass, V. H. and Fahrbach, E.: Temporal and regional variation of sea ice draft and coverage in the Weddell Sea obtained from upward looking sonars, in: Antarctic sea ice &amp;ndash; Physical processes, interactions, and variability, edited by: Jeffries, M. O., Antarctic Res. Ser., 74, American Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., 123&amp;ndash;139, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="89" content_type="text"> Torrence, C. and Compo, G. P.: A practical guide to wavelet analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 61&amp;ndash;78, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="90" content_type="text"> van Oldenborgh, G. J., Philip, S. Y., and Collins, M.: El Niño in a changing climate: a multi-model study, Ocean Sci., 1, 81&amp;ndash;95, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="91" content_type="text"> Vertenstein, M., Oleson, K., and Levis, S.: CLM2.0 User&apos;s Guide, Technical Report, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm2.0.1/clm2, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="92" content_type="text"> Voelker, A. H. L. and workshop participants: Global distribution of centennial-scale records for marine isotope stage (MIS) 3: a database, Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 1185&amp;ndash;1214, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="93" content_type="text"> Wadley, M. R. and Bigg, G. R.: Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago on the North Atlantic and Arctic thermohaline circulation: an ocean modelling study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 2187&amp;ndash;2203, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="94" content_type="text"> Wang, D.: A note on using the accelerated convergence method in climate models, Tellus A, 53, 27&amp;ndash;34, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="95" content_type="text"> Webb, D. J. and de Cuevas, B. A.: On the fast response of the Southern Ocean to changes in the zonal wind, Ocean Sci., 3, 417&amp;ndash;427, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="96" content_type="text"> Wittenberg, A. T., Rosati, A., Lau, N.-C., and Ploshay, J. J.: GFDL&apos;s CM2 global coupled climate models. Part III: Tropical Pacific climate and ENSO, J. Climate, 19, 698&amp;ndash;722, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="97" content_type="text"> Wright, D. G. and Stocker, T. F.: Sensitivities of a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12 707&amp;ndash;12 730, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="98" content_type="text"> Yeager, S. G., Shields, C. A., Large, W. G., and Hack, J. J.: The low-resolution CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2545&amp;ndash;2566, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="99" content_type="text"> Zhang, G. J. and Wang, H.: Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06709, doi:10.1029/2005GL025229, 2006. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

