Boebel, O., Schmid, C., and Zenk, W.: Flow and recirculation of Antarctic intermediate water across the Rio Grande rise, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 20967–20986, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00977, 1997.
Church, J. A., Godfrey, J. S., Jackett, D. R., and McDougall, T. J.: A model of sea level rise caused by ocean thermal expansion, J. Climate, 4, 438–456, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0438:AMOSLR>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Close, S. E., Naveira Garabato, A. C., McDonagh, E. L., King, B. A., Biuw, M., and Boehme, L.: Control of mode and intermediate water mass properties in Drake Passage by the Amundsen Sea Low, J. Climate, 26, 5102–5123, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00346.1, 2013.
Curry, R., Dickson, B., and Yashayaev, I.: A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades, Nature, 426, 826–829, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02206, 2003.
De Ruijter, W., Biastoch, A., Drijfhout, S., Lutjeharms, J., Matano, R., Pichevin, T., Van Leeuwen, P., and Weiger, W.: Indian-Atlantic interocean exchange: Dynamics, estimation and impact, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20885-20910, 1999.
Donners, J. and Drijfhout, S. S.: The Lagrangian view of South Atlantic interocean exchange in a global ocean model compared with inverse model results, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1019–1035, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1019:TLVOSA>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Durgadoo, J. V., Loveday, B. R., Reason, C. J. C., Penven, P., and Biastoch, A.: Agulhas Leakage Predominantly Responds to the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 2113–2131, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-047.1, 2013.
Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S., Baringer, M., and Bullister, J.: Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO
2/Tracer surveys in Support of CLIVAR and Global Cycle objectives: Carbon Inventories and Fluxes, 2011.
Fetter, A., Schodlok, M., and Zlotnicki, V.: Antarctic Intermediate Water Formation in a High-Resolution OGCM, Geophys. Res. Abstr., Vol. 12, , EGU General Assembly 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010.
Goes, M., Wainer, I., and Signorelli, N.: Investigation of the causes of historical changes in the subsurface salinity minimum of the South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 5654–5675, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009812, 2014.
Gordon, A. L., Weiss, R., Smethie Jr., W. M., and Warner, M. J.: Thermociine and Intermediate Water Communication, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7223–7240, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00485, 1992.
Held, I. M. and Soden, B. J.: Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming, J. Climate, 19, 5686–5699, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3990.1, 2006.
Hosoda, S., Ohira, T., and Nakamura, T.: A monthly mean dataset of global oceanic temperature and salinity derived from Argo float observations, JAMSTEC Rep. Res. Dev., 8, 47–59, https://doi.org/10.5918/jamstecr.8.47, 2008.
Hummels, R., Brandt, P., Dengler, M., Fischer, J., Araujo, M., Veleda, D., and Durgadoo, J. V.: Interannual to decadal changes in the western boundary circulation in the Atlantic at 11° S, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7615–7622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065254, 2015.
Jackett, D. R. and McDougall, T. J.: A neutral density variable for the world's oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 237–263, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S.-K., Hnilo, J. J., Fiorino, M., and Potter, G. L.: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2), B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 1631–1643, http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/wesley/reanalysis2/kana/reanl2-1.htm, 2002.
Kawano, T., Uchida, H., Schneider, W., Kumamoto, Y., Nishina, A., Aoyama, M., Murata, A., Sasaki, K., Yoshikawa, Y., and Watanabe, S.: Cruise Summary of WHP P6, A10, I3 and I4 Revisits in 2003, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2004.
Le Bars, D., Durgadoo, J. V., Dijkstra, H. A., Biastoch, A., and De Ruijter, W. P. M.: An observed 20-year time series of Agulhas leakage, Ocean Sci., 10, 601–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-601-2014, 2014.
Lee, S. K., Park, W., van Sebille, E., Baringer, M. O., Wang, C., Enfield, D. B., Yeager, S. G., and Kirtman, B. P.: What caused the significant increase in Atlantic Ocean heat content since the mid-20th century?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048856, 2011.
Loveday, B., Penven, P., and Reason, C.: Southern Annular Mode and westerly-wind-driven changes in Indian-Atlantic exchange mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4912–4921, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064256, 2015.
Lübbecke, J. F., Durgadoo, J. V., and Biastoch, A.: Contribution of increased Agulhas leakage to tropical Atlantic warming, J. Climate, 28, 9697–9706, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0258.1, 2015.
McCarthy, G., McDonagh, E., and King, B.: Decadal variability of thermocline and intermediate waters at 24° S in the South Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4467.1, 2011.
McCarthy, G. D., King, B. A., Cipollini, P., McDonagh, E. L., Blundell, J. R., and Biastoch, A.: On the sub-decadal variability of South Atlantic Antarctic Intermediate Water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051270, 2012.
McCartney, M. S.: Subantarctic Mode Water, in: A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon 70th Anniversary Volume, Pergamon, edited by: Angel, M. V., 103–119, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1977.
McCartney, M. S.: The subtropical recirculation of mode waters, J. Mar. Res., 40, 427–464, 1982.
McDougall, T. J.: Neutral surfaces, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1950–1964, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1950:NS>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Naveira Garabato, A. C., Jullion, L., Stevens, D. P., Heywood, K. J., and King, B. A.: Variability of Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Drake Passage during the Late-Twentieth and Early-Twenty-First Centuries, J. Climate, 22, 3661–3688, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2621.1, 2009.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth III, T., and Nowlin Jr., W. D.: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 641–673, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Piola, A. R. and Georgi, D. T.: Circumpolar properties of Antarctic intermediate water and Subantarctic Mode Water, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 29, 687–711, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90002-4, 1982.
Ridgway, K. R. and Dunn, J. R.: Observational evidence for a Southern Hemisphere oceanic supergyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13612, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030392, 2007.
Roemmich, D., Church, J., Gilson, J., Monselesan, D., Sutton, P., and Wijffels, S.: Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006, Nature Climate Change, 5, 240–245, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2513, 2015.
Santoso, A. and England, M. H.: Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation and variability in a coupled climate model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2160–2179, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<2160:AIWCAV>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Schmidtko, S. and Johnson, G. C.: Multidecadal Warming and Shoaling of Antarctic Intermediate Water*, J. Climate, 25, 207–221, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00021.1, 2012.
Skliris, N., Marsh, R., Josey, S. A., Good, S. A., Liu, C., and Allan, R. P.: Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes, Clim. Dynam., 43, 709–736, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2131-7, 2014.
Sloyan, B. M. and Rintoul, S. R.: Circulation, Renewal, and Modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water*, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1005:CRAMOA>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Speich, S., Blanke, B., de Vries, P., Drijfhout, S., Döös, K., Ganachaud, A., and Marsh, R.: Tasman leakage: A new route in the global ocean conveyor belt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014586, 2002.
Speich, S., Blanke, B., and Cai, W.: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the Southern Hemisphere supergyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031583, 2007.
Sun, C. and Watts, D. R.: A view of ACC fronts in streamfunction space, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 1141–1164, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00027-4, 2002.
Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H.: The Oceans: Their physics, chemistry, and general biology, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1942.
Swart, N. and Fyfe, J.: Observed and simulated changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerly wind-stress, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L16711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052810, 2012.
Talley, L. D.: Antarctic intermediate water in the South Atlantic, in: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation, 219–238, Springer, 1996.
Talley, L. D.: Closure of the global overturning circulation through the Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans: Schematics and transports, Oceanography, 26, 80–97, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.07, 2013.
Trenberth, K. E., Large, W. G., and Olson, J. G.: The effective drag coefficient for evaluating wind stress over the oceans, J. Climate, 2, 1507–1516, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1507:TEDCFE>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
van Sebille, E., Biastoch, A., Van Leeuwen, P., and De Ruijter, W.: A weaker Agulhas Current leads to more Agulhas leakage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036614, 2009.
Wong, A. P., Bindoff, N. L., and Church, J. A.: Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Nature, 400, 440–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/22733, 1999.
Wong, A. P., Bindoff, N. L., and Church, J. A.: Freshwater and heat changes in the North and South Pacific Oceans between the 1960s and 1985–94, J. Climate, 14, 1613–1633, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1613:FAHCIT>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
