Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-373-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-373-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Mar 2020
Research article |
| 19 Mar 2020
| 19 Mar 2020
Variability in high-salinity shelf water production in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Antarctica
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Won Sang Lee
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Craig Stevens
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Greta Point, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Stefan Jendersie
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
SungHyun Nam
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
Sukyoung Yun
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Chung Yeon Hwang
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Gwang Il Jang
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Jiyeon Lee
Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
Related authors
Hyunjae Chung, Jikang Park, Mijin Park, Yejin Kim, Unyoung Chun, Sukyoung Yun, Won Sang Lee, Seung-Tae Yoon, and Won Young Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2757, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how marine animals adapt to spatial and temporal shifts in oceanographic conditions is of utmost importance. In this paper, we investigated the influence of changes in seawater properties on the seasonal behavior of Weddell seals in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our findings could serve as a baseline and establish a foundational understanding for future research, particularly concerning the impact of marine environmental changes on the ecosystem of the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area.
Ji Sung Na, Taekyun Kim, Emilia Kyung Jin, Seung-Tae Yoon, Won Sang Lee, Sukyoung Yun, and Jiyeon Lee
The Cryosphere, 16, 3451–3468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Beneath the Antarctic ice shelf, sub-ice-shelf plume flow that can cause turbulent mixing exists. In this study, we investigate how this flow affects ocean dynamics and ice melting near the ice front. Our results obtained by validated simulation show that higher turbulence intensity results in vigorous ice melting due to the high heat entrainment. Moreover, this flow with meltwater created by this flow highly affects the ocean overturning circulations near the ice front.
Chris Pierce, Christopher Gerekos, Mark Skidmore, Lucas Beem, Don Blankenship, Won Sang Lee, Ed Adams, Choon-Ki Lee, and Jamey Stutz
The Cryosphere, 18, 1495–1515, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water beneath glaciers in Antarctica can influence how the ice slides or melts. Airborne radar can detect this water, which looks bright in radar images. However, common techniques cannot identify the water's size or shape. We used a simulator to show how the radar image changes based on the bed material, size, and shape of the waterbody. This technique was applied to a suspected waterbody beneath Thwaites Glacier. We found it may be consistent with a series of wide, flat canals or a lake.
Christine F. Dow, Derek Mueller, Peter Wray, Drew Friedrichs, Alexander L. Forrest, Jasmin B. McInerney, Jamin Greenbaum, Donald D. Blankenship, Choon Ki Lee, and Won Sang Lee
The Cryosphere, 18, 1105–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are a key control on Antarctic contribution to sea level rise. We examine the Nansen Ice Shelf in East Antarctica using a combination of field-based and satellite data. We find the basal topography of the ice shelf is highly variable, only partially visible in satellite datasets. We also find that the thinnest region of the ice shelf is altered over time by ice flow rates and ocean melting. These processes can cause fractures to form that eventually result in large calving events.
Hyunjae Chung, Jikang Park, Mijin Park, Yejin Kim, Unyoung Chun, Sukyoung Yun, Won Sang Lee, Seung-Tae Yoon, and Won Young Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2757, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how marine animals adapt to spatial and temporal shifts in oceanographic conditions is of utmost importance. In this paper, we investigated the influence of changes in seawater properties on the seasonal behavior of Weddell seals in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our findings could serve as a baseline and establish a foundational understanding for future research, particularly concerning the impact of marine environmental changes on the ecosystem of the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area.
Ji Sung Na, Taekyun Kim, Emilia Kyung Jin, Seung-Tae Yoon, Won Sang Lee, Sukyoung Yun, and Jiyeon Lee
The Cryosphere, 16, 3451–3468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Beneath the Antarctic ice shelf, sub-ice-shelf plume flow that can cause turbulent mixing exists. In this study, we investigate how this flow affects ocean dynamics and ice melting near the ice front. Our results obtained by validated simulation show that higher turbulence intensity results in vigorous ice melting due to the high heat entrainment. Moreover, this flow with meltwater created by this flow highly affects the ocean overturning circulations near the ice front.
Madelaine Rosevear, Benjamin Galton-Fenzi, and Craig Stevens
Ocean Sci., 18, 1109–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding ocean-driven melting of Antarctic ice shelves is critical for predicting future sea level. However, ocean observations from beneath ice shelves are scarce. Here, we present unique ocean and melting data from the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. We use our observations to evaluate common methods of representing melting in ocean–climate models (melting
parameterisations) and show that these parameterisations overestimate melting when the ocean is warm and/or currents are weak.
Craig Stevens, Natalie Robinson, Gabby O'Connor, and Brett Grant
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-249, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-249, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Along Antarctica's coastal margin melting ice shelves create plumes of very cold sea water. In some circumstances the water is so cold that ice crystals exist in suspension. We present evidence from near the McMurdo Ice Shelf of ice crystals far larger than normal (by an order of magnitude or more). The crystal behaviour is examined by combining measurements of the crystal motion with ocean flow and turbulence data. This helps us make links between ice shelf melting and sea ice formation.
Laura E. Lindzey, Lucas H. Beem, Duncan A. Young, Enrica Quartini, Donald D. Blankenship, Choon-Ki Lee, Won Sang Lee, Jong Ik Lee, and Joohan Lee
The Cryosphere, 14, 2217–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An extensive aerogeophysical survey including two active subglacial lakes was conducted over David Glacier, Antarctica. Laser altimetry shows that the lakes were at a highstand, while ice-penetrating radar has no unique signature for the lakes when compared to the broader basal environment. This suggests that active subglacial lakes are more likely to be part of a distributed subglacial hydrological system than to be discrete reservoirs, which has implications for future surveys and drilling.
Rebecca A. McPherson, Craig L. Stevens, Joanne M. O'Callaghan, Andrew J. Lucas, and Jonathan D. Nash
Ocean Sci., 16, 799–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-799-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-799-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
River plume characteristics (density, velocity, turbulence) are measured in the first several kilometers of a river flow entering a New Zealand fjord. These observations are used to quantify the influence of the main plume dynamics on controlling the behavior and structure of the flow. The mixing of dense, stationary water from below into the fast-flowing plume drove its deceleration. Internal waves were capable of transporting almost 15 % of the total momentum out beyond the plume's boundaries.
Wei Wei, Donald D. Blankenship, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Noel Gourmelen, Christine F. Dow, Thomas G. Richter, Chad A. Greene, Duncan A. Young, SangHoon Lee, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, and Karen M. Assmann
The Cryosphere, 14, 1399–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Getz Ice Shelf is the largest meltwater source from Antarctica of the Southern Ocean. This study compares the relative importance of the meltwater production of Getz from both ocean and subglacial sources. We show that basal melt rates are elevated where bathymetric troughs provide pathways for warm Circumpolar Deep Water to enter the Getz Ice Shelf cavity. In particular, we find that subshelf melting is enhanced where subglacially discharged fresh water flows across the grounding line.
Young-Tae Son, Jae-Hyoung Park, and SungHyun Nam
Biogeosciences, 15, 5237–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals episodic blooms often accompanying abrupt changes in sea surface salinity and wind forcing off the east coast are triggered by the equatorward and cross-shore advection of chlorophyll-rich plume water of northern origin. Since previous studies have not focused on the episodic blooms near the coast over the course of days to weeks during the summer, we tried to address the roles of the physical advection process in the marine ecosystem based on observations of three summers.
Craig L. Stevens
Ocean Sci., 14, 801–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-801-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-801-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing in the ocean is highly variable and it is often difficult to measure the more energetic regions. Here we present the first full-depth turbulence profiles from Cook Strait, New Zealand. This 22 km wide channel between the major islands of New Zealand sustains very fast tidally driven flows. The measurements show that large vertical eddies exist, moving water up and down. This will affect stratification, as well as any biology, as it passes through the strait.
Byeong-Hoon Kim, Choon-Ki Lee, Ki-Weon Seo, Won Sang Lee, and Ted Scambos
The Cryosphere, 10, 2971–2980, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2971-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2971-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Kamb Ice Stream (KIS) in Antarctica ceased rapid ice flow approximately 160 years ago, still influencing on the current mass balance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. We identify two previously unknown subglacial lakes beneath the stagnated trunk of the KIS. Rapid fill-drain hydrologic events over several months indicate that the lakes are probably connected by a subglacial drainage network. Our findings support previously published conceptual models of the KIS shutdown.
Miles G. McPhee, Craig L. Stevens, Inga J. Smith, and Natalie J. Robinson
Ocean Sci., 12, 507–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-507-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-507-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of turbulent heat fluxes in tidally modulated flow of supercool seawater under Antarctic land-fast sea ice show that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean–ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing. Also, the conditions cause platelet ice growth to form on the underside of the sea ice which increases the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared to ice without platelets.
C. L. Stevens, P. Sirguey, G. H. Leonard, and T. G. Haskell
The Cryosphere, 7, 1333–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1333-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1333-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Approach: In situ Observations | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: Shelf Seas | Phenomena: Temperature, Salinity and Density Fields
Seasonal hydrography and surface outflow in a fjord with a deep sill: the Reloncaví fjord, Chile
Malvinas-slope water intrusions on the northern Patagonia continental shelf
Manuel I. Castillo, Ursula Cifuentes, Oscar Pizarro, Leif Djurfeldt, and Mario Caceres
Ocean Sci., 12, 533–544, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-533-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-533-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The upper layer of the Reloncaví fjord, Chile, shows a continuous stratification year-round. Nevertheless, the vertical salt flux seems to be balanced by the horizontal salt flux, which maintains the amount of salt into the fjord nearly as a steady state. The upper layer shows a flushing time of about 3 days.
A. R. Piola, N. Martínez Avellaneda, R. A. Guerrero, F. P. Jardón, E. D. Palma, and S. I. Romero
Ocean Sci., 6, 345–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-345-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-345-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Antarctic Meteorological Research Center (AMRC) and Automatic Weather Station (AWS): http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/api/form.html, last access: 6 March 2020.
Aulicino, G., Sansiviero, M., Paul, S., Cesarano, C., Fusco, G., Wadhams, P., and Budillon, G.: A new approach for monitoring the Terra
Nova Bay polynya through MODIS Ice Surface Temperature Imagery and its validation during 2010 and 2011 winter seasons, Remote Sens., 10, 366,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030366, 2018.
Budillon, G. and Spezie, G.: Thermohaline structure and variability in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Ross Sea, Antarct. Sci., 12,
493–508, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102000000572, 2000.
Budillon, G., Fusco, G., and Spezie, G.: A study of surface heat fluxes in the Ross Sea (Antarctica), Antarct. Sci., 12, 243–254,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102000000298, 2000.
Budillon, G., Cordero, S. G., and Salusti, E.: On the dense water spreading off the Ross Sea Shelf (Southern Ocean), J. Mar. Syst., 35,
207–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00082-9, 2002.
Budillon, G., Castagno, P., Aliani, S., Spezie, G., and Padman, L.: Thermohaline variability and Antarctic bottom water formation at the
Ross Sea shelf break, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 1002–1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.07.002, 2011.
Buffoni, G., Cappelletti, A., and Picco, P.: An investigation of thermohaline circulation in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Antarct. Sci.,
14, 83–92, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102002000615, 2002.
Castagno, P., Capozzi, V., DiTullio, R. G., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Rintoul, R. S., Spezie, G., and Budillon, G.: Rebound of shelf water
salinity in the Ross Sea, Nat. Commun., 10, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13083-8, 2019.
Cheng, Z., Pang, X., Zhao, X., and Tan, C.: Spatio-temporal variability and model parameter sensitivity analysis of ice production in Ross
Ice Shelf polynya from 2003 to 2015, Remote Sens., 9, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090934, 2017.
Ciappa, A., Pietranera, L., and Budillon, G.: Observations of the Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) polynya by MODIS ice surface temperature
imagery from 2005 to 2010, Remote Sens. Environ., 119, 158–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.017, 2012.
Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T., Bittoni, L., Russo, A., Gambaro, A., and Lepri, L.: Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the water
column of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), J. Mar. Syst., 73, 208–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.10.010, 2008.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,
Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., Berg, L. V., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delso, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.
B., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park.
B. K, Peubey, C., Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dinniman, M. S., Klinck, J. M., and Smith Jr., W. O.: Cross-shelf exchange in a model of the Ross Sea circulation and biogeochemistry,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 3103–3120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.011, 2003.
Dong, S., Sprintall, J., Gille, S. T., and Talley, L.: Southern Ocean mixed-layer depth from Argo float profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
C06013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004051, 2008.
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF): ERA Interim, Daily, avalable at:
https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/, last access: 31 August 2019.
Fusco, G., Flocco, D., Budillon, G., Spezie, G., and Zambianchi, E.: Dynamics and variability of Terra Nova Bay polynya, Mar. Ecol., 23,
201–209, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00019.x, 2002.
Fusco, G., Budillon, G., and Spezie, G.: Surface heat fluxes and thermohaline variability in the Ross Sea and in Terra Nova Bay polynya,
Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 1887–1895, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.07.006, 2009.
Gordon, A. L., Orsi, A. H., Muench, R., Huber, B. A., Zambianchi, E., and Visbeck, M.: Western Ross Sea continental slope gravity
currents, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 796–817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.037, 2009.
Hwang, C. Y.: Depth profiles of temperature and salinity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, in December 2015 (ANA06A), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000601.1, 2016.
Korea Polar Data Center (KPDC): https://kpdc.kopri.re.kr, last access: 6 March 2020.
Jacobs, S. S.: Bottom water production and its links with the thermohaline circulation, Antarct. Sci., 16, 427–437,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410200400224X, 2004.
Jacobs, S. S. and Giulivi, C. F.: Large Multidecadal salinity trends near the Pacific-Antarctic Continental margin, J. Climate, 23,
4508–4524, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3284.1, 2010.
Jacobs, S. S., Giulivi, C. F., and Mele, P. A.: Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century, Science, 297, 386–388,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069574, 2002.
Jendersie, S., Williams, M. J. M., Langhorne, P. J., and Robertson, R.: The density-driven winter intensification of the Ross Sea
circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013965, 2018.
Johnson, G. C.: Quantifying Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water volumes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C05027,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004477, 2008.
Mathiot, P., Jourdain, N. C., Barnier, B., Gallee, H., Molines, J. M., Sommer, J. L., and Penduff, T.: Sensitivity of coastal polynyas and
high-salinity shelf water production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, to the atmospheric forcing, Ocean Dyn., 62, 701–723,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0531-y, 2012.
McDougall, T. J. and Barker, P. M.: Getting started with TEOS-10 and the Gibbs Seawater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox – version 3.06.3,
28 pp., SCOR/IAPSO WG127, ISBN 978-0-646-55621-5, 2017.
Orsi, A. H. and Wiederwohl, C. L.: A recount of Ross Sea waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 778–795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.033,
2009.
Orsi, A. H., Johnson, G. C., and Bullister, J. L.: Circulation, mixing, and production of Antarctic Bottom Water, Prog. Oceanogr., 43,
55–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00004-X, 1999.
Orsi, A. H., Jacobs, S. S., Gordon, A. L., and Visbeck, M.: Cooling and ventilating the Abyssal Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
2923–2926, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012830, 2001.
Orsi, A. H., Smethie Jr., W. M., and Bullister, J. L.: On the total input of Antarctic waters to the deep ocean: a preliminary estimate
from chlorofluorocarbon measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 3122, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000976, 2002.
Padman, L., Fricker, H. A., Coleman, R., Howard, S., and Erofeeva, L.: A new tide model for the Antarctic Ice shelves and Seas,
Ann. Glaciol., 34, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817752, 2002.
Parkinson, C. L., Cavalieri, D. J., Gloersen, P., Zwally, H. J., and Comiso, J. C.: Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978–1996,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 20837–20856, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900082, 1999.
Rintoul, S. R.: The global influence of localized dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 558, 209–218, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0182-3, 2018.
Rusciano, E., Budillon, G., Fusco, G., and Spezie, G.: Evidence of atmosphere–sea ice–ocean coupling in the Terra Nova Bay polynya
(Ross Sea–Antarctica), Cont. Shelf Res., 61–62, 112–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.04.002, 2013.
Sansiviero, M., Maqueda, M. A. M., Fusco, G., Aulicino, G., Flocco, D., and Budillon, G.: Modelling sea ice formation in the Terra Nova
Bay polynya, J. Mar. Syst., 166, 4–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.06.013, 2017.
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.: Seasoft V2: SBE data processing, User's Manual, Bellevue, Washington, USA, 1–174, 2014.
Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L., and Heygster, G.: Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89 GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C02S03,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003384, 2008.
Stevens, C., Lee, W. S., Fusco, G., Yun, S., Grant, B., Robinson, N., and Hwang, C. Y.: The influence of the Drygalski Ice Tongue on the
local ocean, Ann. Glaciol., 58, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.4, 2017.
Stewart, A. L. and Thompson, A. F.: Eddy-mediated transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water across the Antarctic shelf break,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 432–440, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062281, 2015.
St-Laurent, P. Klinck, J. M., and Dinniman, M. S.: On the role of coastal troughs in the circulation of warm Circumpolar Deep Water on
Antarctic shelves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 51–64, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0237.1, 2013.
Tamura, T., Ohshima, K. I., Fraser, A. D., and Williams, G. D.: Sea ice production variability in Antarctic coastal polynyas,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 2967–2979, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011537, 2016.
Toggweiler, J. R. and Samuels, B.: Effect of sea ice on the salinity of Antarctic bottom waters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1980–1997,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1980:EOSIOT>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Thurnherr, A. M.: How to Process LADCP Data with the LDEO software, Columbia University, New York, available at: ftp://ftp.ldeo.columbia.edu/pub/ant/LADCP/UserManuals/LDEO_IX.pdf (last access: 17 January 2018), 2004.
University of Bremen: https://seaice.uni-bremen.de/data/amsr2/asi_daygrid_swath/s3125/, last access: 2 March 2020.
van Woert, M. L.: Wintertime dynamics of the Terra Nova Bay polynya, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 7753–7769,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900003, 1999.
van Woert, M. L., Meier, W. N., Zou, C.-Z., Archer, A., Pellegrini, A., Grigioni, P., and Bertola, C.: Satellite observations of
upper-ocean currents in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 22, 407–412, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818879, 2001.
Yoon, S.-T., Yun, S., Stevens, C., and Lee, S. H.: NIWA oceanographic deep mooring data in the Drygalski Ice Tongue 2017, Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000906.1, 2018a.
Yoon, S.-T., Yun, S., Elliott, F., and Lee, S. H.: NIWA oceanographic mooring data in the Drygalski Ice Tongue North 2017, Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000898.1, 2018b.
Yoon, S.-T., Yun, S., Lee, S. H., and Jang, G. I.: CTD profiles observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in March, 2018 (ANA08C), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000895.1, 2018c.
Yoon, S.-T., Yun, S., Lee, S. H., and Jang, G. I.: LADCP data observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in March, 2018 (ANA08C), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000896.1, 2018d.
Yun, S.: CTD profiles observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in December, 2014 (ANA05A), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001062.1, 2018a.
Yun, S.: CTD profiles observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in January, 2017 (ANA07C), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001063.1, 2018b.
Yun, S.: LADCP data observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in December, 2014 (ANA05A), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001064.1, 2018c.
Yun, S.: LADCP data observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in December, 2015 (ANA06A), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001061.1, 2018d.
Yun, S. and Elliott, F.: NIWA oceanographic mooring data in the Drygalski Ice Tongue North 2015, Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001060.1, 2018.
Yun, S. and Lee, J.: LADCP data observed in the Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in January, 2017 (ANA07C), Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00001065.1, 2018.
Yun, S., Grant, B., and Elliott, F.: NIWA oceanographic mooring data in the Drygalski Ice Tongue North 2016, Korea Polar Data Center, Korea Polar Research Institute, https://doi.org/10.22663/KOPRI-KPDC-00000749.1, 2017.
Zwally, H. J., Comiso, J. C., Parkinson, C. L., Cavalieri, D. J., and Gloersen, P.: Variability of Antarctic sea ice 1979–1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 3041, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000733, 2002.
Short summary
We investigated the variability in high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) formation in the Terra Nova Bay polynya using hydrographic data from instrumented moorings and vessel-based profiles. We show that HSSW can be formed in the upper water column of the eastern Terra Nova Bay via polynya activity and convective processes, as well as how the nature of circulation in Terra Nova Bay influences HSSW production. This article also discusses the present results in the context of previous analyses.
We investigated the variability in high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) formation in the Terra Nova...
