Biastoch, A., Boening, C. W., Getzlaff, J., Molines, J.-M., and Madec, G.: Causes of Interannual-Decadal Variability in the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean, J. Climate, 21, 6599–6615, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1, 2008.
Boening, C. W., Scheinert, M., Dengg, J., Biastoch, A., and Funk, A.: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026906, 2006.
Bryden, H., Griffiths, M., Lavin, A., Millard, R., Parrilla, G., and Smethie, W.: Decadal changes in water mass characteristics at 24° N in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, J. Climate, 9, 3162–3186, 1996.
Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 25° N, Nature, 438, 655–657, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04385, 2005b.
Bryden, H. L., Mujahid, A., Cunningham, S. A., and Kanzow, T.: Adjustment of the basin-scale circulation at 26° N to variations in Gulf Stream, deep western boundary current and Ekman transports as observed by the Rapid array, Ocean Sci., 5, 421–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-421-2009, 2009.
Chidichimo, M. P., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Johns, W. E., and Marotzke, J.: The contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N, Ocean Sci., 6, 475–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-475-2010, 2010.
Cunningham, S. A. and Alderson, S.: Transatlantic temperature and salinity changes at 24.5° N from 1957 to 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029821, 2007.
Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T., Rayner, D., Baringer, M. O., Johns, W. E., Marotzke, J., Longworth, H. R., Grant, E. M., Hirschi, J. J. M., Beal, L. M., Meinen, C. S., and Bryden, H. L.: Temporal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5° N, Science, 317, 935–938, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141304, 2007.
Curry, R., Dickson, B., and Yashayaev, I.: A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades, Nature, 426, 826–829, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02206, 2003.
Dengler, M., Fischer, J., Schott, F. A., and Zantopp, R.: Deep Labrador Current and its variability in 1996–2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21506, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026702, 2006.
Dickson, B., Yashayaev, I., Meincke, J., Turrell, B., Dye, S., and Holfort, J.: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades, Nature, 416, 832–837, 2002.
Dickson, R., Lazier, J., Meincke, J., Rhines, P., and Swift, J.: Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 38, 241–295, 1996.
Eden, C. and Willebrand, J.: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation, J. Climate, 14, 2266–2280, 2001.
Fine, R.: Tracers, time scales, and the thermohaline circulation – the lower-limb in the North-Atlantic Ocean, Rev. Geophys., 33, 1353–1365, 1995.
Fischer, J., Visbeck, M., Zantopp, R., and Nunes, N.: Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045321, 2010.
Frajka-Williams, E., Cunningham, S. A., Bryden, H. L., and King, B. A.: Variability of Antarctic bottom water at 24.5° N in the Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007168, 2011.
Fuglister, F. C.: Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Data From the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958, , 209 pp., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., 1960.
Ganachaud, A.: Error budget of inverse box models: The North Atlantic, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 1641–1655, 2003.
Han, G., Ohashi, K., Chen, N., Myers, P. G., Nunes, N., and Fischer, J.: Decline and partial rebound of the Labrador Current 1993–2004: Monitoring ocean currents from altimetric and conductivity-temperature-depth data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006091, 2010.
Hawkins, E. and Sutton, R.: Potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034059, 2008.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of working group 1 to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Johns, W. E., Beal, L. M., Baringer, M. O., Molina, J. R., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T., and Rayner, D.: Variability of shallow and deep western boundary currents off the Bahamas during 2004-05: Results from the 26° N RAPID-MOC array, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 605–623, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3791.1, 2008.
Josey, S. A., Kent, E. C., and Taylor, P. K.: Wind stress forcing of the ocean in the SOC climatology: Comparisons with the NCEP-NCAR, ECMWF, UWM/COADS, and Hellerman and Rosenstein Datasets, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1993–2019, 2002.
Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Rayner, D., Hirschi, J. J. M., Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Bryden, H. L., Beal, L. M., Meinen, C. S., and Marotzke, J.: Observed flow compensation associated with the MOC at 26.5° N in the Atlantic, Science, 317, 938–941, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141293, 2007.
Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Johns, W. E., Hirschi, J. J. M., Marotzke, J., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C. S., Chidichimo, M., Atkinson, C. P., Beal, L. M., Bryden, H. L., and Collins, J.: Seasonal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5° N, J. Climate, 23, 5678–5698, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3389.1, 2010.
Kieke, D. and Rhein, M.: Variability of the overflow water transport in the western subpolar North Atlantic, 1950–97, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 435–456, 2006.
Koehl, A. and Stammer, D.: Variability of the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic from the 50-year GECCO state estimation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1913–1930, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3775.1, 2008.
Koltermann, K., Sokov, A., Tereschenkov, V., Dobroliubov, S., Lorbacher, K., and Sy, A.: Decadal changes in the thermohaline circulation of the North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 109–138, 1999.
Larsen, J. C.: Transport and heat-flux of the Florida Current at 27°N derived from cross-stream voltages and profiling data – Theory and observations, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 338, 169–236, 1992.
Longworth, H. R.: Constraining variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 25° N from historical observations, 1980-2005, Ph.D. thesis, School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, 200 pp., 2007.
Lozier, M. S.: Deconstructing the conveyor belt, Science, 328, 1507–1511, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189250, 2010.
Lozier, M. S., Roussenov, V., Reed, M. S. C., and Williams, R. G.: Opposing decadal changes for the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Nat. Geosci., 3, 728–734, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO947, 2010.
Marsh, R.: Recent variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation inferred from surface heat and freshwater fluxes, J. Climate, 13, 3239–3260, 2000.
Molinari, R., Fine, R., Wilson, W., Curry, R., Abell, J., and McCartney, M.: The arrival of recently formed Labrador Sea Water in the deep western boundary current at 26.5° N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2249–2252, 1998.
Olsen, S. M., Hansen, B., Quadfasel, D., and Osterhus, S.: Observed and modelled stability of overflow across the Greenland-Scotland ridge, Nature, 455, 519–U35, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07302, 2008.
Parrilla, G., Lavin, A., Bryden, H., Garcia, M., and Millard, R.: Rising temperatures in the subtropical North-Atlantic Ocean over the past 35 years, Nature, 369, 48–51, 1994.
Roemmich, D. and Wunsch, C.: 2 Transatlantic sections: Meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 32, 619–664, 1985.
Sarafanov, A., Falina, A., Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., and Sokov, A.: Recent changes in the Greenland-Scotland overflow-derived water transport inferred from hydrographic observations in the southern Irminger Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038385, 2009.
Sarafanov, A., Falina, A., Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Sokov, A., and Gourcuff, C.: Assessing decadal changes in the Deep Western Boundary Current absolute transport southeast of Cape Farewell, Greenland, from hydrography and altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005811, {2010}a.
Sarafanov, A., Mercier, H., Falina, A., Sokov, A., and Lherminier, P.: Cessation and partial reversal of deep water freshening in the northern North Atlantic: observation-based estimates and attribution, Tellus A, 62, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00418.x, {2010}b.
Schott, F. A., Fischer, J., Dengler, M., and Zantopp, R.: Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current east of the Grand Banks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21S07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026563, 2006.
Shoosmith, D. R., Baringer, M. O., and Johns, W. E.: A continuous record of Florida Current temperature transport at 27° N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024075, 2005.
Smith, W. H. F. and Sandwell, D. T.: Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277, 1956–1962, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956, 1997.
Stouffer, R. J., Yin, J., Gregory, J. M., Dixon, K. W., Spelman, M. J., Hurlin, W., Weaver, A. J., Eby, M., Flato, G. M., Hasumi, H., Hu, A., Jungclaus, J. H., Kamenkovich, I. V., Levermann, A., Montoya, M., Murakami, S., Nawrath, S., Oka, A., Peltier, W. R., Robitaille, D. Y., Sokolov, A., Vettoretti, G., and Weber, S. L.: Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes, J. Climate, 19, 1365–1387, 2006.
Vaughan, S. and Molinari, R.: Temperature and salinity variability in the deep western boundary current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 749–761, 1997.
Vellinga, M. and Wood, R. A.: Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Climatic Change, 54, 251–267, 2002.
Yashayaev, I.: Hydrographic changes in the Labrador Sea, 1960–2005, Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 242–276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.04.015, 2007.
Zhang, R.: Latitudinal dependence of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044474, 2010.